What is a Bond: Definition, Guide and Examples Bonds represent one of the cornerstone investment vehicles in global capital markets, playing a crucial role for fund raising for organisations and presenting investment opportunities for institutional and retail investors. The vast majority of bonds are fixed-income securities and have therefore bonds have historically provided investors

Liabilities: Definition, Examples and Analysis At its core, a liability represents a financial obligation or debt that an entity owes to another party. The liabilities definition encompasses any legal responsibilities or obligations arising from past transactions or events that are expected to result in an outflow of economic resources. These obligations can range

Enterprise Value: Definition, Formula and Examples Enterprise value, often referred to as Firm value, represents the theoretical takeover price of a company. It is the total value that would be required to purchase a company outright – whether using debt or equity funding. The enterprise value definition encompasses not just the market value

Return on Invested Capital: Formula, Analysis, Examples Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) has emerged as a critical metric for evaluating a company's profitability and efficiency in utilising its capital. This performance indicator has gained significant attention from investors, analysts, and corporate decision-makers alike, as it provides valuable insights into a business's ability to

What is Valuation? Capitalism is a system in which private owners control private property and let market forces- supply and demand set prices. To make money in such a system, rational allocation of capital is the only legitimate route to success. Being able to value assets, market opportunities and businesses is therefore a

Derivatives, Swaps and Options: A Guide Derivatives are financial contracts that derive their value from an underlying asset or index – in fact, anything that has an objective, independent measure of value. They have become essential tools in corporate finance and risk management. Swaps, forwards, futures and options are common types of derivatives

Pecking Order Theory: Definitions, Concepts and Examples Deciding how to finance a company's operations and growth is a what corporate finance is all about! Companies must choose how to raise capital from various internal and external sources. The pecking order theory provides an influential model for thinking about how companies make these financing decisions.

Earnings per share (EPS) is a key metric used to evaluate a company's profitability on a per-share basis.  EPS indicates profitability for per ordinary share over the company reporting period and is disclosed in its financial statements – usually on the same page as the Income Statement. EPS provides insights into a company’s financial health

The equity risk premium (ERP) is a crucial concept in corporate finance and investment analysis. It signifies the additional return that investors demand to invest in stocks versus risk-free assets like government bonds. Understanding the equity risk premium is vital for estimating the cost of equity and determining if an investment opportunity is worthwhile.  

Discounted Cash Flow Models (DCF): Guide and Examples Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method used in corporate finance and valuation to estimate the attractiveness of an investment opportunity. DCF analysis uses future free cash flow projections and discounts them to arrive at a present value estimate, which is used to evaluate